diff --git a/.cirrus.yml b/.cirrus.yml deleted file mode 100644 index 825aeb7..0000000 --- a/.cirrus.yml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,39 +0,0 @@ -# FreeBSD build with multiple versions -freebsd_versions_task: - name: FreeBSD $FREEBSD_VERSION make build - freebsd_instance: - image_family: $FREEBSD_IMAGE - matrix: - - env: - FREEBSD_VERSION: "13.5" - FREEBSD_IMAGE: freebsd-13-5 - - env: - FREEBSD_VERSION: "14.3" - FREEBSD_IMAGE: freebsd-14-3 - install_script: - - pkg install -y git gmake flex bison python3 py312-setuptools swig libyaml pkgconf - build_script: - - gmake - check_script: - - gmake check - -# FreeBSD meson builds with multiple versions -freebsd_meson_versions_task: - name: FreeBSD $FREEBSD_VERSION meson build - freebsd_instance: - image_family: $FREEBSD_IMAGE - matrix: - - env: - FREEBSD_VERSION: "13.5" - FREEBSD_IMAGE: freebsd-13-5 - - env: - FREEBSD_VERSION: "14.3" - FREEBSD_IMAGE: freebsd-14-3 - install_script: - - pkg install -y git meson ninja flex bison python3 py312-setuptools swig libyaml pkgconf - setup_script: - - meson setup -D python=enabled -D yaml=enabled build - build_script: - - meson compile -C build - test_script: - - if ! meson test -C build; then cat build/meson-logs/testlog.txt; false; fi diff --git a/.clang-format b/.clang-format deleted file mode 100644 index e5d1518..0000000 --- a/.clang-format +++ /dev/null @@ -1,135 +0,0 @@ -# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 -# -# clang-format configuration file. Intended for clang-format >= 11. -# -# For more information, see: -# -# Documentation/dev-tools/clang-format.rst -# https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ClangFormat.html -# https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ClangFormatStyleOptions.html -# ---- -AccessModifierOffset: -4 -AlignAfterOpenBracket: Align -AlignConsecutiveAssignments: false -AlignConsecutiveDeclarations: false -AlignEscapedNewlines: Left -AlignOperands: true -AlignTrailingComments: false -AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: false -AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: false -AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: false -AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: None -AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false -AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: false -AlwaysBreakAfterDefinitionReturnType: None -AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None -AlwaysBreakBeforeMultilineStrings: false -AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: false -BinPackArguments: true -BinPackParameters: true -BraceWrapping: - AfterClass: false - AfterControlStatement: false - AfterEnum: false - AfterFunction: true - AfterNamespace: true - AfterObjCDeclaration: false - AfterStruct: false - AfterUnion: false - AfterExternBlock: false - BeforeCatch: false - BeforeElse: false - IndentBraces: false - SplitEmptyFunction: true - SplitEmptyRecord: true - SplitEmptyNamespace: true -BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: None -BreakBeforeBraces: Custom -BreakBeforeInheritanceComma: false -BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: false -BreakConstructorInitializersBeforeComma: false -BreakConstructorInitializers: BeforeComma -BreakAfterJavaFieldAnnotations: false -BreakStringLiterals: false -ColumnLimit: 80 -CommentPragmas: '^ IWYU pragma:' -CompactNamespaces: false -ConstructorInitializerAllOnOneLineOrOnePerLine: false -ConstructorInitializerIndentWidth: 8 -ContinuationIndentWidth: 8 -Cpp11BracedListStyle: false -DerivePointerAlignment: false -DisableFormat: false -ExperimentalAutoDetectBinPacking: false -FixNamespaceComments: false - -# Taken from: -# git grep -h '^#define [^[:space:]]*for_each[^[:space:]]*(' \ -# | sed "s,^#define \([^[:space:]]*for_each[^[:space:]]*\)(.*$, - '\1'," \ -# | LC_ALL=C sort -u -ForEachMacros: - - 'fdt_for_each_property_offset' - - 'fdt_for_each_subnode' - - 'for_each_child' - - 'for_each_child_withdel' - - 'for_each_label' - - 'for_each_label_withdel' - - 'for_each_marker' - - 'for_each_marker_of_type' - - 'for_each_property' - - 'for_each_property_withdel' - -IncludeBlocks: Preserve -IncludeCategories: - - Regex: '.*' - Priority: 1 -IncludeIsMainRegex: '(Test)?$' -IndentCaseLabels: false -IndentGotoLabels: false -IndentPPDirectives: None -IndentWidth: 8 -IndentWrappedFunctionNames: false -JavaScriptQuotes: Leave -JavaScriptWrapImports: true -KeepEmptyLinesAtTheStartOfBlocks: false -MacroBlockBegin: '' -MacroBlockEnd: '' -MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: 1 -NamespaceIndentation: None -ObjCBinPackProtocolList: Auto -ObjCBlockIndentWidth: 8 -ObjCSpaceAfterProperty: true -ObjCSpaceBeforeProtocolList: true - -# Taken from git's rules -PenaltyBreakAssignment: 10 -PenaltyBreakBeforeFirstCallParameter: 30 -PenaltyBreakComment: 10 -PenaltyBreakFirstLessLess: 0 -PenaltyBreakString: 10 -PenaltyExcessCharacter: 100 -PenaltyReturnTypeOnItsOwnLine: 60 - -PointerAlignment: Right -ReflowComments: false -SortIncludes: false -SortUsingDeclarations: false -SpaceAfterCStyleCast: false -SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: true -SpaceBeforeAssignmentOperators: true -SpaceBeforeCtorInitializerColon: true -SpaceBeforeInheritanceColon: true -SpaceBeforeParens: ControlStatementsExceptForEachMacros -SpaceBeforeRangeBasedForLoopColon: true -SpaceInEmptyParentheses: false -SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 1 -SpacesInAngles: false -SpacesInContainerLiterals: false -SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false -SpacesInParentheses: false -SpacesInSquareBrackets: false -Standard: Cpp03 -TabWidth: 8 -UseTab: Always -... diff --git a/.editorconfig b/.editorconfig deleted file mode 100644 index 4ba0212..0000000 --- a/.editorconfig +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33 +0,0 @@ -# EditorConfig is a file format and collection of text editor plugins -# for maintaining consistent coding styles between different editors -# and IDEs. Most popular editors support this either natively or via -# plugin. -# -# Check https://editorconfig.org for details. - -root = true - -[*] -end_of_line = lf -insert_final_newline = true -charset = utf-8 -indent_style = space - -[Makefile*] -indent_style = tab -indent_size = 8 -file_type_emacs = makefile - -[*.[ch]] -indent_style = tab -indent_size = 8 - -[*.py] -indent_size = 4 - -[meson.build] -indent_style = space -indent_size = 2 - -[*.lds] -indent_style = tab diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml deleted file mode 100644 index b6e0a9c..0000000 --- a/.github/workflows/build.yml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,114 +0,0 @@ ---- -name: Build test -'on': - push: - branches: - - main - - ci - pull_request: - branches: - - main - -# ensure that the workflow is only triggered once per PR, subsequent pushes to the PR will cancel -# and restart the workflow. See https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-jobs/using-concurrency -concurrency: - group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }} - cancel-in-progress: true - -jobs: - build-make: - runs-on: ubuntu-latest - - strategy: - fail-fast: false - matrix: - os: [ "alpine", "archlinux", "fedora", "ubuntu" ] - - container: - image: ${{ matrix.os }} - - steps: - - name: Checkout - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - - - name: Install Dependencies - run: | - ./scripts/install-deps.sh - - - name: Build - run: | - make - - - name: Run check - run: | - make check - - build-meson: - runs-on: ubuntu-latest - - strategy: - fail-fast: false - matrix: - os: [ "alpine", "archlinux", "fedora", "ubuntu" ] - - container: - image: ${{ matrix.os }} - - steps: - - name: Checkout - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - - - name: Install Dependencies - run: | - ./scripts/install-deps.sh - - - name: Setup - run: meson setup -D python=enabled -D yaml=enabled build - - - name: Build - run: meson compile -C build - - - name: Run check - run: if ! meson test -C build; then cat build/meson-logs/testlog.txt; false; fi - - build-windows: - runs-on: windows-latest - strategy: - fail-fast: false - matrix: - include: - - { sys: mingw32 } - - { sys: mingw64 } - - { sys: ucrt64 } - - { sys: clang64 } - name: ${{ matrix.sys }} - defaults: - run: - shell: msys2 {0} - steps: - - name: Checkout - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - with: - fetch-depth: 0 - - - name: Setup MSYS2 - uses: msys2/setup-msys2@v2 - with: - msystem: ${{matrix.sys}} - update: true - install: >- - git - flex - bison - pacboy: >- - toolchain:p - meson:p - ninja:p - libyaml:p - swig:p - python-setuptools-scm:p - - - name: '🚧 Build' - run: | - meson setup -Dtools=true -Dtests=false build - meson compile -C build diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index 8e1e0c0..85ccca2 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -1,30 +1,6 @@ *.o *.d -*.a -*.patch -*.so -*.so.* -*~ -*.bak *.tab.[ch] lex.yy.c -*.lex.c -.*.swp -/dtc -/fdtdump -/convert-dtsv0 -/version_gen.h -/fdtget -/fdtput -/fdtoverlay -/patches -/.pc - -# cscope files -cscope.* -ncscope.* - -.eggs/ -build/ -dist/ -*.egg-info/ +dtc +ftdump diff --git a/.gitlab-ci.yml b/.gitlab-ci.yml deleted file mode 100644 index f5b1fb1..0000000 --- a/.gitlab-ci.yml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,65 +0,0 @@ -stages: - - build - -variables: - GIT_DEPTH: 1 - -workflow: - rules: - - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "push" && $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main" - - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "push" && $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "ci" - - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event" - -# Linux builds with make -.build-make-template: &build-make-template - stage: build - before_script: - - ./scripts/install-deps.sh - script: - - make - - make check - interruptible: true - -build-make-alpine: - <<: *build-make-template - image: alpine:latest - -build-make-archlinux: - <<: *build-make-template - image: archlinux:latest - -build-make-fedora: - <<: *build-make-template - image: fedora:latest - -build-make-ubuntu: - <<: *build-make-template - image: ubuntu:latest - -# Linux builds with meson -.build-meson-template: &build-meson-template - stage: build - before_script: - - ./scripts/install-deps.sh - script: - - meson setup -D python=enabled -D yaml=enabled build - - meson compile -C build - - if ! meson test -C build; then cat build/meson-logs/testlog.txt; false; fi - interruptible: true - -build-meson-alpine: - <<: *build-meson-template - image: alpine:latest - -build-meson-archlinux: - <<: *build-meson-template - image: archlinux:latest - -build-meson-fedora: - <<: *build-meson-template - image: fedora:latest - -build-meson-ubuntu: - <<: *build-meson-template - image: ubuntu:latest - diff --git a/BSD-2-Clause b/BSD-2-Clause deleted file mode 100644 index da366e2..0000000 --- a/BSD-2-Clause +++ /dev/null @@ -1,32 +0,0 @@ -Valid-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause -SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause.html -Usage-Guide: - To use the BSD 2-clause "Simplified" License put the following SPDX - tag/value pair into a comment according to the placement guidelines in - the licensing rules documentation: - SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause -License-Text: - -Copyright (c) . All rights reserved. - -Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: - -1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, - this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. - -2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright - notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the - documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. - -THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" -AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE -LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR -CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF -SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS -INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN -CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) -ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE -POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md deleted file mode 100644 index 48c8efd..0000000 --- a/CONTRIBUTING.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,79 +0,0 @@ -# Contributing to dtc or libfdt - -There are two ways to submit changes for dtc or libfdt: - -* Post patches directly to the - [devicetree-compiler](mailto:devicetree-compiler@vger.kernel.org) - mailing list. -* Submit pull requests via - [Github](https://github.com/dgibson/dtc/pulls) - -## Adding a new function to libfdt.h - -The shared library uses `libfdt/version.lds` to list the exported -functions, so add your new function there. Check that your function -works with pylibfdt. If it cannot be supported, put the declaration in -`libfdt.h` behind `#ifndef SWIG` so that swig ignores it. - -## Tests - -Test files are kept in the `tests/` directory. Use `make check` to build and run -all tests. - -If you want to adjust a test file, be aware that `tree_tree1.dts` is compiled -and checked against a binary tree from assembler macros in `trees.S`. So -if you change that file you must change `tree.S` also. - -## Developer's Certificate of Origin - -Like many other projects, dtc and libfdt have adopted the "Developer's -Certificate of Origin" (Signed-off-by) process created by the Linux -kernel community to improve tracking of who did what. Here's how it -works (this is a very slight modification of the description from -`Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst` in the kernel tree): - -The sign-off is a simple line at the end of the explanation for the -patch, which certifies that you wrote it or otherwise have the right -to pass it on as an open-source patch. The rules are pretty simple: -if you can certify the below: - - Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1 - - By making a contribution to this project, I certify that: - - (a) The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I - have the right to submit it under the open source license - indicated in the file; or - - (b) The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best - of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source - license and I have the right under that license to submit that - work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part - by me, under the same open source license (unless I am - permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated - in the file; or - - (c) The contribution was provided directly to me by some other - person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified - it. - - (d) I understand and agree that this project and the contribution - are public and that a record of the contribution (including all - personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is - maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with - this project or the open source license(s) involved. - -then you just add a line saying:: - - Signed-off-by: Random J Developer - -using your real name (sorry, no pseudonyms or anonymous -contributions.) This will be done for you automatically if you use -`git commit -s`. Reverts should also include "Signed-off-by". `git -revert -s` does that for you. - -Any further SoBs (Signed-off-by:'s) following the author's SoB are -from people handling and transporting the patch, but were not involved -in its development. SoB chains should reflect the **real** route a -patch took as it was propagated to the maintainers, with the first SoB -entry signalling primary authorship of a single author. diff --git a/GPL b/COPYING similarity index 95% rename from GPL rename to COPYING index d159169..d60c31a 100644 --- a/GPL +++ b/COPYING @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ - GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE - Version 2, June 1991 + GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE + Version 2, June 1991 - Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc., - 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA + Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. - Preamble + Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by -the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to +the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not @@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. - - GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE + + GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.) - + These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. - + 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is @@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. - + 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License @@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. - NO WARRANTY + NO WARRANTY 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN @@ -277,9 +277,9 @@ YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. - END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS - - How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs + END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS + + How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it @@ -303,16 +303,17 @@ the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. - You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along - with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., - 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software + Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA + Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: - Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author + Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. @@ -335,5 +336,5 @@ necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the -library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General +library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. diff --git a/Documentation/booting-without-of.txt b/Documentation/booting-without-of.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..60d5b7a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/booting-without-of.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1420 @@ + Booting the Linux/ppc kernel without Open Firmware + -------------------------------------------------- + + +(c) 2005 Benjamin Herrenschmidt , + IBM Corp. +(c) 2005 Becky Bruce , + Freescale Semiconductor, FSL SOC and 32-bit additions + + May 18, 2005: Rev 0.1 - Initial draft, no chapter III yet. + + May 19, 2005: Rev 0.2 - Add chapter III and bits & pieces here or + clarifies the fact that a lot of things are + optional, the kernel only requires a very + small device tree, though it is encouraged + to provide an as complete one as possible. + + May 24, 2005: Rev 0.3 - Precise that DT block has to be in RAM + - Misc fixes + - Define version 3 and new format version 16 + for the DT block (version 16 needs kernel + patches, will be fwd separately). + String block now has a size, and full path + is replaced by unit name for more + compactness. + linux,phandle is made optional, only nodes + that are referenced by other nodes need it. + "name" property is now automatically + deduced from the unit name + + June 1, 2005: Rev 0.4 - Correct confusion between OF_DT_END and + OF_DT_END_NODE in structure definition. + - Change version 16 format to always align + property data to 4 bytes. Since tokens are + already aligned, that means no specific + required alignement between property size + and property data. The old style variable + alignment would make it impossible to do + "simple" insertion of properties using + memove (thanks Milton for + noticing). Updated kernel patch as well + - Correct a few more alignement constraints + - Add a chapter about the device-tree + compiler and the textural representation of + the tree that can be "compiled" by dtc. + + + November 21, 2005: Rev 0.5 + - Additions/generalizations for 32-bit + - Changed to reflect the new arch/powerpc + structure + - Added chapter VI + + + ToDo: + - Add some definitions of interrupt tree (simple/complex) + - Add some definitions for pci host bridges + - Add some common address format examples + - Add definitions for standard properties and "compatible" + names for cells that are not already defined by the existing + OF spec. + - Compare FSL SOC use of PCI to standard and make sure no new + node definition required. + - Add more information about node definitions for SOC devices + that currently have no standard, like the FSL CPM. + + +I - Introduction +================ + +During the recent development of the Linux/ppc64 kernel, and more +specifically, the addition of new platform types outside of the old +IBM pSeries/iSeries pair, it was decided to enforce some strict rules +regarding the kernel entry and bootloader <-> kernel interfaces, in +order to avoid the degeneration that had become the ppc32 kernel entry +point and the way a new platform should be added to the kernel. The +legacy iSeries platform breaks those rules as it predates this scheme, +but no new board support will be accepted in the main tree that +doesn't follows them properly. In addition, since the advent of the +arch/powerpc merged architecture for ppc32 and ppc64, new 32-bit +platforms and 32-bit platforms which move into arch/powerpc will be +required to use these rules as well. + +The main requirement that will be defined in more detail below is +the presence of a device-tree whose format is defined after Open +Firmware specification. However, in order to make life easier +to embedded board vendors, the kernel doesn't require the device-tree +to represent every device in the system and only requires some nodes +and properties to be present. This will be described in detail in +section III, but, for example, the kernel does not require you to +create a node for every PCI device in the system. It is a requirement +to have a node for PCI host bridges in order to provide interrupt +routing informations and memory/IO ranges, among others. It is also +recommended to define nodes for on chip devices and other busses that +don't specifically fit in an existing OF specification. This creates a +great flexibility in the way the kernel can then probe those and match +drivers to device, without having to hard code all sorts of tables. It +also makes it more flexible for board vendors to do minor hardware +upgrades without significantly impacting the kernel code or cluttering +it with special cases. + + +1) Entry point for arch/powerpc +------------------------------- + + There is one and one single entry point to the kernel, at the start + of the kernel image. That entry point supports two calling + conventions: + + a) Boot from Open Firmware. If your firmware is compatible + with Open Firmware (IEEE 1275) or provides an OF compatible + client interface API (support for "interpret" callback of + forth words isn't required), you can enter the kernel with: + + r5 : OF callback pointer as defined by IEEE 1275 + bindings to powerpc. Only the 32 bit client interface + is currently supported + + r3, r4 : address & length of an initrd if any or 0 + + The MMU is either on or off; the kernel will run the + trampoline located in arch/powerpc/kernel/prom_init.c to + extract the device-tree and other information from open + firmware and build a flattened device-tree as described + in b). prom_init() will then re-enter the kernel using + the second method. This trampoline code runs in the + context of the firmware, which is supposed to handle all + exceptions during that time. + + b) Direct entry with a flattened device-tree block. This entry + point is called by a) after the OF trampoline and can also be + called directly by a bootloader that does not support the Open + Firmware client interface. It is also used by "kexec" to + implement "hot" booting of a new kernel from a previous + running one. This method is what I will describe in more + details in this document, as method a) is simply standard Open + Firmware, and thus should be implemented according to the + various standard documents defining it and its binding to the + PowerPC platform. The entry point definition then becomes: + + r3 : physical pointer to the device-tree block + (defined in chapter II) in RAM + + r4 : physical pointer to the kernel itself. This is + used by the assembly code to properly disable the MMU + in case you are entering the kernel with MMU enabled + and a non-1:1 mapping. + + r5 : NULL (as to differenciate with method a) + + Note about SMP entry: Either your firmware puts your other + CPUs in some sleep loop or spin loop in ROM where you can get + them out via a soft reset or some other means, in which case + you don't need to care, or you'll have to enter the kernel + with all CPUs. The way to do that with method b) will be + described in a later revision of this document. + + +2) Board support +---------------- + +64-bit kernels: + + Board supports (platforms) are not exclusive config options. An + arbitrary set of board supports can be built in a single kernel + image. The kernel will "know" what set of functions to use for a + given platform based on the content of the device-tree. Thus, you + should: + + a) add your platform support as a _boolean_ option in + arch/powerpc/Kconfig, following the example of PPC_PSERIES, + PPC_PMAC and PPC_MAPLE. The later is probably a good + example of a board support to start from. + + b) create your main platform file as + "arch/powerpc/platforms/myplatform/myboard_setup.c" and add it + to the Makefile under the condition of your CONFIG_ + option. This file will define a structure of type "ppc_md" + containing the various callbacks that the generic code will + use to get to your platform specific code + + c) Add a reference to your "ppc_md" structure in the + "machines" table in arch/powerpc/kernel/setup_64.c if you are + a 64-bit platform. + + d) request and get assigned a platform number (see PLATFORM_* + constants in include/asm-powerpc/processor.h + +32-bit embedded kernels: + + Currently, board support is essentially an exclusive config option. + The kernel is configured for a single platform. Part of the reason + for this is to keep kernels on embedded systems small and efficient; + part of this is due to the fact the code is already that way. In the + future, a kernel may support multiple platforms, but only if the + platforms feature the same core architectire. A single kernel build + cannot support both configurations with Book E and configurations + with classic Powerpc architectures. + + 32-bit embedded platforms that are moved into arch/powerpc using a + flattened device tree should adopt the merged tree practice of + setting ppc_md up dynamically, even though the kernel is currently + built with support for only a single platform at a time. This allows + unification of the setup code, and will make it easier to go to a + multiple-platform-support model in the future. + +NOTE: I believe the above will be true once Ben's done with the merge +of the boot sequences.... someone speak up if this is wrong! + + To add a 32-bit embedded platform support, follow the instructions + for 64-bit platforms above, with the exception that the Kconfig + option should be set up such that the kernel builds exclusively for + the platform selected. The processor type for the platform should + enable another config option to select the specific board + supported. + +NOTE: If ben doesn't merge the setup files, may need to change this to +point to setup_32.c + + + I will describe later the boot process and various callbacks that + your platform should implement. + + +II - The DT block format +======================== + + +This chapter defines the actual format of the flattened device-tree +passed to the kernel. The actual content of it and kernel requirements +are described later. You can find example of code manipulating that +format in various places, including arch/powerpc/kernel/prom_init.c +which will generate a flattened device-tree from the Open Firmware +representation, or the fs2dt utility which is part of the kexec tools +which will generate one from a filesystem representation. It is +expected that a bootloader like uboot provides a bit more support, +that will be discussed later as well. + +Note: The block has to be in main memory. It has to be accessible in +both real mode and virtual mode with no mapping other than main +memory. If you are writing a simple flash bootloader, it should copy +the block to RAM before passing it to the kernel. + + +1) Header +--------- + + The kernel is entered with r3 pointing to an area of memory that is + roughtly described in include/asm-powerpc/prom.h by the structure + boot_param_header: + +struct boot_param_header { + u32 magic; /* magic word OF_DT_HEADER */ + u32 totalsize; /* total size of DT block */ + u32 off_dt_struct; /* offset to structure */ + u32 off_dt_strings; /* offset to strings */ + u32 off_mem_rsvmap; /* offset to memory reserve map +*/ + u32 version; /* format version */ + u32 last_comp_version; /* last compatible version */ + + /* version 2 fields below */ + u32 boot_cpuid_phys; /* Which physical CPU id we're + booting on */ + /* version 3 fields below */ + u32 size_dt_strings; /* size of the strings block */ +}; + + Along with the constants: + +/* Definitions used by the flattened device tree */ +#define OF_DT_HEADER 0xd00dfeed /* 4: version, + 4: total size */ +#define OF_DT_BEGIN_NODE 0x1 /* Start node: full name +*/ +#define OF_DT_END_NODE 0x2 /* End node */ +#define OF_DT_PROP 0x3 /* Property: name off, + size, content */ +#define OF_DT_END 0x9 + + All values in this header are in big endian format, the various + fields in this header are defined more precisely below. All + "offset" values are in bytes from the start of the header; that is + from the value of r3. + + - magic + + This is a magic value that "marks" the beginning of the + device-tree block header. It contains the value 0xd00dfeed and is + defined by the constant OF_DT_HEADER + + - totalsize + + This is the total size of the DT block including the header. The + "DT" block should enclose all data structures defined in this + chapter (who are pointed to by offsets in this header). That is, + the device-tree structure, strings, and the memory reserve map. + + - off_dt_struct + + This is an offset from the beginning of the header to the start + of the "structure" part the device tree. (see 2) device tree) + + - off_dt_strings + + This is an offset from the beginning of the header to the start + of the "strings" part of the device-tree + + - off_mem_rsvmap + + This is an offset from the beginning of the header to the start + of the reserved memory map. This map is a list of pairs of 64 + bit integers. Each pair is a physical address and a size. The + + list is terminated by an entry of size 0. This map provides the + kernel with a list of physical memory areas that are "reserved" + and thus not to be used for memory allocations, especially during + early initialization. The kernel needs to allocate memory during + boot for things like un-flattening the device-tree, allocating an + MMU hash table, etc... Those allocations must be done in such a + way to avoid overriding critical things like, on Open Firmware + capable machines, the RTAS instance, or on some pSeries, the TCE + tables used for the iommu. Typically, the reserve map should + contain _at least_ this DT block itself (header,total_size). If + you are passing an initrd to the kernel, you should reserve it as + well. You do not need to reserve the kernel image itself. The map + should be 64 bit aligned. + + - version + + This is the version of this structure. Version 1 stops + here. Version 2 adds an additional field boot_cpuid_phys. + Version 3 adds the size of the strings block, allowing the kernel + to reallocate it easily at boot and free up the unused flattened + structure after expansion. Version 16 introduces a new more + "compact" format for the tree itself that is however not backward + compatible. You should always generate a structure of the highest + version defined at the time of your implementation. Currently + that is version 16, unless you explicitely aim at being backward + compatible. + + - last_comp_version + + Last compatible version. This indicates down to what version of + the DT block you are backward compatible. For example, version 2 + is backward compatible with version 1 (that is, a kernel build + for version 1 will be able to boot with a version 2 format). You + should put a 1 in this field if you generate a device tree of + version 1 to 3, or 0x10 if you generate a tree of version 0x10 + using the new unit name format. + + - boot_cpuid_phys + + This field only exist on version 2 headers. It indicate which + physical CPU ID is calling the kernel entry point. This is used, + among others, by kexec. If you are on an SMP system, this value + should match the content of the "reg" property of the CPU node in + the device-tree corresponding to the CPU calling the kernel entry + point (see further chapters for more informations on the required + device-tree contents) + + + So the typical layout of a DT block (though the various parts don't + need to be in that order) looks like this (addresses go from top to + bottom): + + + ------------------------------ + r3 -> | struct boot_param_header | + ------------------------------ + | (alignment gap) (*) | + ------------------------------ + | memory reserve map | + ------------------------------ + | (alignment gap) | + ------------------------------ + | | + | device-tree structure | + | | + ------------------------------ + | (alignment gap) | + ------------------------------ + | | + | device-tree strings | + | | + -----> ------------------------------ + | + | + --- (r3 + totalsize) + + (*) The alignment gaps are not necessarily present; their presence + and size are dependent on the various alignment requirements of + the individual data blocks. + + +2) Device tree generalities +--------------------------- + +This device-tree itself is separated in two different blocks, a +structure block and a strings block. Both need to be aligned to a 4 +byte boundary. + +First, let's quickly describe the device-tree concept before detailing +the storage format. This chapter does _not_ describe the detail of the +required types of nodes & properties for the kernel, this is done +later in chapter III. + +The device-tree layout is strongly inherited from the definition of +the Open Firmware IEEE 1275 device-tree. It's basically a tree of +nodes, each node having two or more named properties. A property can +have a value or not. + +It is a tree, so each node has one and only one parent except for the +root node who has no parent. + +A node has 2 names. The actual node name is generally contained in a +property of type "name" in the node property list whose value is a +zero terminated string and is mandatory for version 1 to 3 of the +format definition (as it is in Open Firmware). Version 0x10 makes it +optional as it can generate it from the unit name defined below. + +There is also a "unit name" that is used to differenciate nodes with +the same name at the same level, it is usually made of the node +name's, the "@" sign, and a "unit address", which definition is +specific to the bus type the node sits on. + +The unit name doesn't exist as a property per-se but is included in +the device-tree structure. It is typically used to represent "path" in +the device-tree. More details about the actual format of these will be +below. + +The kernel powerpc generic code does not make any formal use of the +unit address (though some board support code may do) so the only real +requirement here for the unit address is to ensure uniqueness of +the node unit name at a given level of the tree. Nodes with no notion +of address and no possible sibling of the same name (like /memory or +/cpus) may omit the unit address in the context of this specification, +or use the "@0" default unit address. The unit name is used to define +a node "full path", which is the concatenation of all parent node +unit names separated with "/". + +The root node doesn't have a defined name, and isn't required to have +a name property either if you are using version 3 or earlier of the +format. It also has no unit address (no @ symbol followed by a unit +address). The root node unit name is thus an empty string. The full +path to the root node is "/". + +Every node which actually represents an actual device (that is, a node +which isn't only a virtual "container" for more nodes, like "/cpus" +is) is also required to have a "device_type" property indicating the +type of node . + +Finally, every node that can be referenced from a property in another +node is required to have a "linux,phandle" property. Real open +firmware implementations provide a unique "phandle" value for every +node that the "prom_init()" trampoline code turns into +"linux,phandle" properties. However, this is made optional if the +flattened device tree is used directly. An example of a node +referencing another node via "phandle" is when laying out the +interrupt tree which will be described in a further version of this +document. + +This "linux, phandle" property is a 32 bit value that uniquely +identifies a node. You are free to use whatever values or system of +values, internal pointers, or whatever to generate these, the only +requirement is that every node for which you provide that property has +a unique value for it. + +Here is an example of a simple device-tree. In this example, an "o" +designates a node followed by the node unit name. Properties are +presented with their name followed by their content. "content" +represents an ASCII string (zero terminated) value, while +represents a 32 bit hexadecimal value. The various nodes in this +example will be discussed in a later chapter. At this point, it is +only meant to give you a idea of what a device-tree looks like. I have +purposefully kept the "name" and "linux,phandle" properties which +aren't necessary in order to give you a better idea of what the tree +looks like in practice. + + / o device-tree + |- name = "device-tree" + |- model = "MyBoardName" + |- compatible = "MyBoardFamilyName" + |- #address-cells = <2> + |- #size-cells = <2> + |- linux,phandle = <0> + | + o cpus + | | - name = "cpus" + | | - linux,phandle = <1> + | | - #address-cells = <1> + | | - #size-cells = <0> + | | + | o PowerPC,970@0 + | |- name = "PowerPC,970" + | |- device_type = "cpu" + | |- reg = <0> + | |- clock-frequency = <5f5e1000> + | |- linux,boot-cpu + | |- linux,phandle = <2> + | + o memory@0 + | |- name = "memory" + | |- device_type = "memory" + | |- reg = <00000000 00000000 00000000 20000000> + | |- linux,phandle = <3> + | + o chosen + |- name = "chosen" + |- bootargs = "root=/dev/sda2" + |- linux,platform = <00000600> + |- linux,phandle = <4> + +This tree is almost a minimal tree. It pretty much contains the +minimal set of required nodes and properties to boot a linux kernel; +that is, some basic model informations at the root, the CPUs, and the +physical memory layout. It also includes misc information passed +through /chosen, like in this example, the platform type (mandatory) +and the kernel command line arguments (optional). + +The /cpus/PowerPC,970@0/linux,boot-cpu property is an example of a +property without a value. All other properties have a value. The +significance of the #address-cells and #size-cells properties will be +explained in chapter IV which defines precisely the required nodes and +properties and their content. + + +3) Device tree "structure" block + +The structure of the device tree is a linearized tree structure. The +"OF_DT_BEGIN_NODE" token starts a new node, and the "OF_DT_END_NODE" +ends that node definition. Child nodes are simply defined before +"OF_DT_END_NODE" (that is nodes within the node). A 'token' is a 32 +bit value. The tree has to be "finished" with a OF_DT_END token + +Here's the basic structure of a single node: + + * token OF_DT_BEGIN_NODE (that is 0x00000001) + * for version 1 to 3, this is the node full path as a zero + terminated string, starting with "/". For version 16 and later, + this is the node unit name only (or an empty string for the + root node) + * [align gap to next 4 bytes boundary] + * for each property: + * token OF_DT_PROP (that is 0x00000003) + * 32 bit value of property value size in bytes (or 0 of no + * value) + * 32 bit value of offset in string block of property name + * property value data if any + * [align gap to next 4 bytes boundary] + * [child nodes if any] + * token OF_DT_END_NODE (that is 0x00000002) + +So the node content can be summmarised as a start token, a full path, +a list of properties, a list of child node and an end token. Every +child node is a full node structure itself as defined above. + +4) Device tree 'strings" block + +In order to save space, property names, which are generally redundant, +are stored separately in the "strings" block. This block is simply the +whole bunch of zero terminated strings for all property names +concatenated together. The device-tree property definitions in the +structure block will contain offset values from the beginning of the +strings block. + + +III - Required content of the device tree +========================================= + +WARNING: All "linux,*" properties defined in this document apply only +to a flattened device-tree. If your platform uses a real +implementation of Open Firmware or an implementation compatible with +the Open Firmware client interface, those properties will be created +by the trampoline code in the kernel's prom_init() file. For example, +that's where you'll have to add code to detect your board model and +set the platform number. However, when using the flatenned device-tree +entry point, there is no prom_init() pass, and thus you have to +provide those properties yourself. + + +1) Note about cells and address representation +---------------------------------------------- + +The general rule is documented in the various Open Firmware +documentations. If you chose to describe a bus with the device-tree +and there exist an OF bus binding, then you should follow the +specification. However, the kernel does not require every single +device or bus to be described by the device tree. + +In general, the format of an address for a device is defined by the +parent bus type, based on the #address-cells and #size-cells +property. In the absence of such a property, the parent's parent +values are used, etc... The kernel requires the root node to have +those properties defining addresses format for devices directly mapped +on the processor bus. + +Those 2 properties define 'cells' for representing an address and a +size. A "cell" is a 32 bit number. For example, if both contain 2 +like the example tree given above, then an address and a size are both +composed of 2 cells, and each is a 64 bit number (cells are +concatenated and expected to be in big endian format). Another example +is the way Apple firmware defines them, with 2 cells for an address +and one cell for a size. Most 32-bit implementations should define +#address-cells and #size-cells to 1, which represents a 32-bit value. +Some 32-bit processors allow for physical addresses greater than 32 +bits; these processors should define #address-cells as 2. + +"reg" properties are always a tuple of the type "address size" where +the number of cells of address and size is specified by the bus +#address-cells and #size-cells. When a bus supports various address +spaces and other flags relative to a given address allocation (like +prefetchable, etc...) those flags are usually added to the top level +bits of the physical address. For example, a PCI physical address is +made of 3 cells, the bottom two containing the actual address itself +while the top cell contains address space indication, flags, and pci +bus & device numbers. + +For busses that support dynamic allocation, it's the accepted practice +to then not provide the address in "reg" (keep it 0) though while +providing a flag indicating the address is dynamically allocated, and +then, to provide a separate "assigned-addresses" property that +contains the fully allocated addresses. See the PCI OF bindings for +details. + +In general, a simple bus with no address space bits and no dynamic +allocation is preferred if it reflects your hardware, as the existing +kernel address parsing functions will work out of the box. If you +define a bus type with a more complex address format, including things +like address space bits, you'll have to add a bus translator to the +prom_parse.c file of the recent kernels for your bus type. + +The "reg" property only defines addresses and sizes (if #size-cells +is +non-0) within a given bus. In order to translate addresses upward +(that is into parent bus addresses, and possibly into cpu physical +addresses), all busses must contain a "ranges" property. If the +"ranges" property is missing at a given level, it's assumed that +translation isn't possible. The format of the "ranges" proprety for a +bus is a list of: + + bus address, parent bus address, size + +"bus address" is in the format of the bus this bus node is defining, +that is, for a PCI bridge, it would be a PCI address. Thus, (bus +address, size) defines a range of addresses for child devices. "parent +bus address" is in the format of the parent bus of this bus. For +example, for a PCI host controller, that would be a CPU address. For a +PCI<->ISA bridge, that would be a PCI address. It defines the base +address in the parent bus where the beginning of that range is mapped. + +For a new 64 bit powerpc board, I recommend either the 2/2 format or +Apple's 2/1 format which is slightly more compact since sizes usually +fit in a single 32 bit word. New 32 bit powerpc boards should use a +1/1 format, unless the processor supports physical addresses greater +than 32-bits, in which case a 2/1 format is recommended. + + +2) Note about "compatible" properties +------------------------------------- + +These properties are optional, but recommended in devices and the root +node. The format of a "compatible" property is a list of concatenated +zero terminated strings. They allow a device to express its +compatibility with a family of similar devices, in some cases, +allowing a single driver to match against several devices regardless +of their actual names. + +3) Note about "name" properties +------------------------------- + +While earlier users of Open Firmware like OldWorld macintoshes tended +to use the actual device name for the "name" property, it's nowadays +considered a good practice to use a name that is closer to the device +class (often equal to device_type). For example, nowadays, ethernet +controllers are named "ethernet", an additional "model" property +defining precisely the chip type/model, and "compatible" property +defining the family in case a single driver can driver more than one +of these chips. However, the kernel doesn't generally put any +restriction on the "name" property; it is simply considered good +practice to follow the standard and its evolutions as closely as +possible. + +Note also that the new format version 16 makes the "name" property +optional. If it's absent for a node, then the node's unit name is then +used to reconstruct the name. That is, the part of the unit name +before the "@" sign is used (or the entire unit name if no "@" sign +is present). + +4) Note about node and property names and character set +------------------------------------------------------- + +While open firmware provides more flexibe usage of 8859-1, this +specification enforces more strict rules. Nodes and properties should +be comprised only of ASCII characters 'a' to 'z', '0' to +'9', ',', '.', '_', '+', '#', '?', and '-'. Node names additionally +allow uppercase characters 'A' to 'Z' (property names should be +lowercase. The fact that vendors like Apple don't respect this rule is +irrelevant here). Additionally, node and property names should always +begin with a character in the range 'a' to 'z' (or 'A' to 'Z' for node +names). + +The maximum number of characters for both nodes and property names +is 31. In the case of node names, this is only the leftmost part of +a unit name (the pure "name" property), it doesn't include the unit +address which can extend beyond that limit. + + +5) Required nodes and properties +-------------------------------- + These are all that are currently required. However, it is strongly + recommended that you expose PCI host bridges as documented in the + PCI binding to open firmware, and your interrupt tree as documented + in OF interrupt tree specification. + + a) The root node + + The root node requires some properties to be present: + + - model : this is your board name/model + - #address-cells : address representation for "root" devices + - #size-cells: the size representation for "root" devices + + Additionally, some recommended properties are: + + - compatible : the board "family" generally finds its way here, + for example, if you have 2 board models with a similar layout, + that typically get driven by the same platform code in the + kernel, you would use a different "model" property but put a + value in "compatible". The kernel doesn't directly use that + value (see /chosen/linux,platform for how the kernel choses a + platform type) but it is generally useful. + + The root node is also generally where you add additional properties + specific to your board like the serial number if any, that sort of + thing. it is recommended that if you add any "custom" property whose + name may clash with standard defined ones, you prefix them with your + vendor name and a comma. + + b) The /cpus node + + This node is the parent of all individual CPU nodes. It doesn't + have any specific requirements, though it's generally good practice + to have at least: + + #address-cells = <00000001> + #size-cells = <00000000> + + This defines that the "address" for a CPU is a single cell, and has + no meaningful size. This is not necessary but the kernel will assume + that format when reading the "reg" properties of a CPU node, see + below + + c) The /cpus/* nodes + + So under /cpus, you are supposed to create a node for every CPU on + the machine. There is no specific restriction on the name of the + CPU, though It's common practice to call it PowerPC,. For + example, Apple uses PowerPC,G5 while IBM uses PowerPC,970FX. + + Required properties: + + - device_type : has to be "cpu" + - reg : This is the physical cpu number, it's a single 32 bit cell + and is also used as-is as the unit number for constructing the + unit name in the full path. For example, with 2 CPUs, you would + have the full path: + /cpus/PowerPC,970FX@0 + /cpus/PowerPC,970FX@1 + (unit addresses do not require leading zeroes) + - d-cache-line-size : one cell, L1 data cache line size in bytes + - i-cache-line-size : one cell, L1 instruction cache line size in + bytes + - d-cache-size : one cell, size of L1 data cache in bytes + - i-cache-size : one cell, size of L1 instruction cache in bytes + - linux, boot-cpu : Should be defined if this cpu is the boot cpu. + + Recommended properties: + + - timebase-frequency : a cell indicating the frequency of the + timebase in Hz. This is not directly used by the generic code, + but you are welcome to copy/paste the pSeries code for setting + the kernel timebase/decrementer calibration based on this + value. + - clock-frequency : a cell indicating the CPU core clock frequency + in Hz. A new property will be defined for 64 bit values, but if + your frequency is < 4Ghz, one cell is enough. Here as well as + for the above, the common code doesn't use that property, but + you are welcome to re-use the pSeries or Maple one. A future + kernel version might provide a common function for this. + + You are welcome to add any property you find relevant to your board, + like some information about the mechanism used to soft-reset the + CPUs. For example, Apple puts the GPIO number for CPU soft reset + lines in there as a "soft-reset" property since they start secondary + CPUs by soft-resetting them. + + + d) the /memory node(s) + + To define the physical memory layout of your board, you should + create one or more memory node(s). You can either create a single + node with all memory ranges in its reg property, or you can create + several nodes, as you wish. The unit address (@ part) used for the + full path is the address of the first range of memory defined by a + given node. If you use a single memory node, this will typically be + @0. + + Required properties: + + - device_type : has to be "memory" + - reg : This property contains all the physical memory ranges of + your board. It's a list of addresses/sizes concatenated + together, with the number of cells of each defined by the + #address-cells and #size-cells of the root node. For example, + with both of these properties beeing 2 like in the example given + earlier, a 970 based machine with 6Gb of RAM could typically + have a "reg" property here that looks like: + + 00000000 00000000 00000000 80000000 + 00000001 00000000 00000001 00000000 + + That is a range starting at 0 of 0x80000000 bytes and a range + starting at 0x100000000 and of 0x100000000 bytes. You can see + that there is no memory covering the IO hole between 2Gb and + 4Gb. Some vendors prefer splitting those ranges into smaller + segments, but the kernel doesn't care. + + e) The /chosen node + + This node is a bit "special". Normally, that's where open firmware + puts some variable environment information, like the arguments, or + phandle pointers to nodes like the main interrupt controller, or the + default input/output devices. + + This specification makes a few of these mandatory, but also defines + some linux-specific properties that would be normally constructed by + the prom_init() trampoline when booting with an OF client interface, + but that you have to provide yourself when using the flattened format. + + Required properties: + + - linux,platform : This is your platform number as assigned by the + architecture maintainers + + Recommended properties: + + - bootargs : This zero-terminated string is passed as the kernel + command line + - linux,stdout-path : This is the full path to your standard + console device if any. Typically, if you have serial devices on + your board, you may want to put the full path to the one set as + the default console in the firmware here, for the kernel to pick + it up as it's own default console. If you look at the funciton + set_preferred_console() in arch/ppc64/kernel/setup.c, you'll see + that the kernel tries to find out the default console and has + knowledge of various types like 8250 serial ports. You may want + to extend this function to add your own. + - interrupt-controller : This is one cell containing a phandle + value that matches the "linux,phandle" property of your main + interrupt controller node. May be used for interrupt routing. + + + Note that u-boot creates and fills in the chosen node for platforms + that use it. + + f) the /soc node + + This node is used to represent a system-on-a-chip (SOC) and must be + present if the processor is a SOC. The top-level soc node contains + information that is global to all devices on the SOC. The node name + should contain a unit address for the SOC, which is the base address + of the memory-mapped register set for the SOC. The name of an soc + node should start with "soc", and the remainder of the name should + represent the part number for the soc. For example, the MPC8540's + soc node would be called "soc8540". + + Required properties: + + - device_type : Should be "soc" + - ranges : Should be defined as specified in 1) to describe the + translation of SOC addresses for memory mapped SOC registers. + + Recommended properties: + + - reg : This property defines the address and size of the + memory-mapped registers that are used for the SOC node itself. + It does not include the child device registers - these will be + defined inside each child node. The address specified in the + "reg" property should match the unit address of the SOC node. + - #address-cells : Address representation for "soc" devices. The + format of this field may vary depending on whether or not the + device registers are memory mapped. For memory mapped + registers, this field represents the number of cells needed to + represent the address of the registers. For SOCs that do not + use MMIO, a special address format should be defined that + contains enough cells to represent the required information. + See 1) above for more details on defining #address-cells. + - #size-cells : Size representation for "soc" devices + - #interrupt-cells : Defines the width of cells used to represent + interrupts. Typically this value is <2>, which includes a + 32-bit number that represents the interrupt number, and a + 32-bit number that represents the interrupt sense and level. + This field is only needed if the SOC contains an interrupt + controller. + + The SOC node may contain child nodes for each SOC device that the + platform uses. Nodes should not be created for devices which exist + on the SOC but are not used by a particular platform. See chapter VI + for more information on how to specify devices that are part of an +SOC. + + Example SOC node for the MPC8540: + + soc8540@e0000000 { + #address-cells = <1>; + #size-cells = <1>; + #interrupt-cells = <2>; + device_type = "soc"; + ranges = <00000000 e0000000 00100000> + reg = ; + } + + + +IV - "dtc", the device tree compiler +==================================== + + +dtc source code can be found at + + +WARNING: This version is still in early development stage; the +resulting device-tree "blobs" have not yet been validated with the +kernel. The current generated bloc lacks a useful reserve map (it will +be fixed to generate an empty one, it's up to the bootloader to fill +it up) among others. The error handling needs work, bugs are lurking, +etc... + +dtc basically takes a device-tree in a given format and outputs a +device-tree in another format. The currently supported formats are: + + Input formats: + ------------- + + - "dtb": "blob" format, that is a flattened device-tree block + with + header all in a binary blob. + - "dts": "source" format. This is a text file containing a + "source" for a device-tree. The format is defined later in this + chapter. + - "fs" format. This is a representation equivalent to the + output of /proc/device-tree, that is nodes are directories and + properties are files + + Output formats: + --------------- + + - "dtb": "blob" format + - "dts": "source" format + - "asm": assembly language file. This is a file that can be + sourced by gas to generate a device-tree "blob". That file can + then simply be added to your Makefile. Additionally, the + assembly file exports some symbols that can be use + + +The syntax of the dtc tool is + + dtc [-I ] [-O ] + [-o output-filename] [-V output_version] input_filename + + +The "output_version" defines what versio of the "blob" format will be +generated. Supported versions are 1,2,3 and 16. The default is +currently version 3 but that may change in the future to version 16. + +Additionally, dtc performs various sanity checks on the tree, like the +uniqueness of linux,phandle properties, validity of strings, etc... + +The format of the .dts "source" file is "C" like, supports C and C++ +style commments. + +/ { +} + +The above is the "device-tree" definition. It's the only statement +supported currently at the toplevel. + +/ { + property1 = "string_value"; /* define a property containing a 0 + * terminated string + */ + + property2 = <1234abcd>; /* define a property containing a + * numerical 32 bits value (hexadecimal) + */ + + property3 = <12345678 12345678 deadbeef>; + /* define a property containing 3 + * numerical 32 bits values (cells) in + * hexadecimal + */ + property4 = [0a 0b 0c 0d de ea ad be ef]; + /* define a property whose content is + * an arbitrary array of bytes + */ + + childnode@addresss { /* define a child node named "childnode" + * whose unit name is "childnode at + * address" + */ + + childprop = "hello\n"; /* define a property "childprop" of + * childnode (in this case, a string) + */ + }; +}; + +Nodes can contain other nodes etc... thus defining the hierarchical +structure of the tree. + +Strings support common escape sequences from C: "\n", "\t", "\r", +"\(octal value)", "\x(hex value)". + +It is also suggested that you pipe your source file through cpp (gcc +preprocessor) so you can use #include's, #define for constants, etc... + +Finally, various options are planned but not yet implemented, like +automatic generation of phandles, labels (exported to the asm file so +you can point to a property content and change it easily from whatever +you link the device-tree with), label or path instead of numeric value +in some cells to "point" to a node (replaced by a phandle at compile +time), export of reserve map address to the asm file, ability to +specify reserve map content at compile time, etc... + +We may provide a .h include file with common definitions of that +proves useful for some properties (like building PCI properties or +interrupt maps) though it may be better to add a notion of struct +definitions to the compiler... + + +V - Recommendations for a bootloader +==================================== + + +Here are some various ideas/recommendations that have been proposed +while all this has been defined and implemented. + + - The bootloader may want to be able to use the device-tree itself + and may want to manipulate it (to add/edit some properties, + like physical memory size or kernel arguments). At this point, 2 + choices can be made. Either the bootloader works directly on the + flattened format, or the bootloader has its own internal tree + representation with pointers (similar to the kernel one) and + re-flattens the tree when booting the kernel. The former is a bit + more difficult to edit/modify, the later requires probably a bit + more code to handle the tree structure. Note that the structure + format has been designed so it's relatively easy to "insert" + properties or nodes or delete them by just memmoving things + around. It contains no internal offsets or pointers for this + purpose. + + - An example of code for iterating nodes & retreiving properties + directly from the flattened tree format can be found in the kernel + file arch/ppc64/kernel/prom.c, look at scan_flat_dt() function, + it's usage in early_init_devtree(), and the corresponding various + early_init_dt_scan_*() callbacks. That code can be re-used in a + GPL bootloader, and as the author of that code, I would be happy + do discuss possible free licencing to any vendor who wishes to + integrate all or part of this code into a non-GPL bootloader. + + + +VI - System-on-a-chip devices and nodes +======================================= + +Many companies are now starting to develop system-on-a-chip +processors, where the processor core (cpu) and many peripheral devices +exist on a single piece of silicon. For these SOCs, an SOC node +should be used that defines child nodes for the devices that make +up the SOC. While platforms are not required to use this model in +order to boot the kernel, it is highly encouraged that all SOC +implementations define as complete a flat-device-tree as possible to +describe the devices on the SOC. This will allow for the +genericization of much of the kernel code. + + +1) Defining child nodes of an SOC +--------------------------------- + +Each device that is part of an SOC may have its own node entry inside +the SOC node. For each device that is included in the SOC, the unit +address property represents the address offset for this device's +memory-mapped registers in the parent's address space. The parent's +address space is defined by the "ranges" property in the top-level soc +node. The "reg" property for each node that exists directly under the +SOC node should contain the address mapping from the child address space +to the parent SOC address space and the size of the device's +memory-mapped register file. + +For many devices that may exist inside an SOC, there are predefined +specifications for the format of the device tree node. All SOC child +nodes should follow these specifications, except where noted in this +document. + +See appendix A for an example partial SOC node definition for the +MPC8540. + + +2) Specifying interrupt information for SOC devices +--------------------------------------------------- + +Each device that is part of an SOC and which generates interrupts +should have the following properties: + + - interrupt-parent : contains the phandle of the interrupt + controller which handles interrupts for this device + - interrupts : a list of tuples representing the interrupt + number and the interrupt sense and level for each interupt + for this device. + +This information is used by the kernel to build the interrupt table +for the interrupt controllers in the system. + +Sense and level information should be encoded as follows: + + Devices connected to openPIC-compatible controllers should encode + sense and polarity as follows: + + 0 = high to low edge sensitive type enabled + 1 = active low level sensitive type enabled + 2 = low to high edge sensitive type enabled + 3 = active high level sensitive type enabled + + ISA PIC interrupt controllers should adhere to the ISA PIC + encodings listed below: + + 0 = active low level sensitive type enabled + 1 = active high level sensitive type enabled + 2 = high to low edge sensitive type enabled + 3 = low to high edge sensitive type enabled + + + +3) Representing devices without a current OF specification +---------------------------------------------------------- + +Currently, there are many devices on SOCs that do not have a standard +representation pre-defined as part of the open firmware +specifications, mainly because the boards that contain these SOCs are +not currently booted using open firmware. This section contains +descriptions for the SOC devices for which new nodes have been +defined; this list will expand as more and more SOC-containing +platforms are moved over to use the flattened-device-tree model. + + a) MDIO IO device + + The MDIO is a bus to which the PHY devices are connected. For each + device that exists on this bus, a child node should be created. See + the definition of the PHY node below for an example of how to define + a PHY. + + Required properties: + - reg : Offset and length of the register set for the device + - device_type : Should be "mdio" + - compatible : Should define the compatible device type for the + mdio. Currently, this is most likely to be "gianfar" + + Example: + + mdio@24520 { + reg = <24520 20>; + + ethernet-phy@0 { + ...... + }; + }; + + + b) Gianfar-compatible ethernet nodes + + Required properties: + + - device_type : Should be "network" + - model : Model of the device. Can be "TSEC", "eTSEC", or "FEC" + - compatible : Should be "gianfar" + - reg : Offset and length of the register set for the device + - address : List of bytes representing the ethernet address of + this controller + - interrupts : where a is the interrupt number and b is a + field that represents an encoding of the sense and level + information for the interrupt. This should be encoded based on + the information in section 2) depending on the type of interrupt + controller you have. + - interrupt-parent : the phandle for the interrupt controller that + services interrupts for this device. + - phy-handle : The phandle for the PHY connected to this ethernet + controller. + + Example: + + ethernet@24000 { + #size-cells = <0>; + device_type = "network"; + model = "TSEC"; + compatible = "gianfar"; + reg = <24000 1000>; + address = [ 00 E0 0C 00 73 00 ]; + interrupts = ; + interrupt-parent = <40000>; + phy-handle = <2452000> + }; + + + + c) PHY nodes + + Required properties: + + - device_type : Should be "ethernet-phy" + - interrupts : where a is the interrupt number and b is a + field that represents an encoding of the sense and level + information for the interrupt. This should be encoded based on + the information in section 2) depending on the type of interrupt + controller you have. + - interrupt-parent : the phandle for the interrupt controller that + services interrupts for this device. + - reg : The ID number for the phy, usually a small integer + - linux,phandle : phandle for this node; likely referenced by an + ethernet controller node. + + + Example: + + ethernet-phy@0 { + linux,phandle = <2452000> + interrupt-parent = <40000>; + interrupts = <35 1>; + reg = <0>; + device_type = "ethernet-phy"; + }; + + + d) Interrupt controllers + + Some SOC devices contain interrupt controllers that are different + from the standard Open PIC specification. The SOC device nodes for + these types of controllers should be specified just like a standard + OpenPIC controller. Sense and level information should be encoded + as specified in section 2) of this chapter for each device that + specifies an interrupt. + + Example : + + pic@40000 { + linux,phandle = <40000>; + clock-frequency = <0>; + interrupt-controller; + #address-cells = <0>; + reg = <40000 40000>; + built-in; + compatible = "chrp,open-pic"; + device_type = "open-pic"; + big-endian; + }; + + + e) I2C + + Required properties : + + - device_type : Should be "i2c" + - reg : Offset and length of the register set for the device + + Recommended properties : + + - compatible : Should be "fsl-i2c" for parts compatible with + Freescale I2C specifications. + - interrupts : where a is the interrupt number and b is a + field that represents an encoding of the sense and level + information for the interrupt. This should be encoded based on + the information in section 2) depending on the type of interrupt + controller you have. + - interrupt-parent : the phandle for the interrupt controller that + services interrupts for this device. + - dfsrr : boolean; if defined, indicates that this I2C device has + a digital filter sampling rate register + - fsl5200-clocking : boolean; if defined, indicated that this device + uses the FSL 5200 clocking mechanism. + + Example : + + i2c@3000 { + interrupt-parent = <40000>; + interrupts = <1b 3>; + reg = <3000 18>; + device_type = "i2c"; + compatible = "fsl-i2c"; + dfsrr; + }; + + + More devices will be defined as this spec matures. + + +Appendix A - Sample SOC node for MPC8540 +======================================== + +Note that the #address-cells and #size-cells for the SoC node +in this example have been explicitly listed; these are likely +not necessary as they are usually the same as the root node. + + soc8540@e0000000 { + #address-cells = <1>; + #size-cells = <1>; + #interrupt-cells = <2>; + device_type = "soc"; + ranges = <00000000 e0000000 00100000> + reg = ; + + mdio@24520 { + reg = <24520 20>; + device_type = "mdio"; + compatible = "gianfar"; + + ethernet-phy@0 { + linux,phandle = <2452000> + interrupt-parent = <40000>; + interrupts = <35 1>; + reg = <0>; + device_type = "ethernet-phy"; + }; + + ethernet-phy@1 { + linux,phandle = <2452001> + interrupt-parent = <40000>; + interrupts = <35 1>; + reg = <1>; + device_type = "ethernet-phy"; + }; + + ethernet-phy@3 { + linux,phandle = <2452002> + interrupt-parent = <40000>; + interrupts = <35 1>; + reg = <3>; + device_type = "ethernet-phy"; + }; + + }; + + ethernet@24000 { + #size-cells = <0>; + device_type = "network"; + model = "TSEC"; + compatible = "gianfar"; + reg = <24000 1000>; + address = [ 00 E0 0C 00 73 00 ]; + interrupts = ; + interrupt-parent = <40000>; + phy-handle = <2452000>; + }; + + ethernet@25000 { + #address-cells = <1>; + #size-cells = <0>; + device_type = "network"; + model = "TSEC"; + compatible = "gianfar"; + reg = <25000 1000>; + address = [ 00 E0 0C 00 73 01 ]; + interrupts = <13 3 14 3 18 3>; + interrupt-parent = <40000>; + phy-handle = <2452001>; + }; + + ethernet@26000 { + #address-cells = <1>; + #size-cells = <0>; + device_type = "network"; + model = "FEC"; + compatible = "gianfar"; + reg = <26000 1000>; + address = [ 00 E0 0C 00 73 02 ]; + interrupts = <19 3>; + interrupt-parent = <40000>; + phy-handle = <2452002>; + }; + + serial@4500 { + device_type = "serial"; + compatible = "ns16550"; + reg = <4500 100>; + clock-frequency = <0>; + interrupts = <1a 3>; + interrupt-parent = <40000>; + }; + + pic@40000 { + linux,phandle = <40000>; + clock-frequency = <0>; + interrupt-controller; + #address-cells = <0>; + reg = <40000 40000>; + built-in; + compatible = "chrp,open-pic"; + device_type = "open-pic"; + big-endian; + }; + + i2c@3000 { + interrupt-parent = <40000>; + interrupts = <1b 3>; + reg = <3000 18>; + device_type = "i2c"; + compatible = "fsl-i2c"; + dfsrr; + }; + + }; diff --git a/Documentation/dt-object-internal.txt b/Documentation/dt-object-internal.txt deleted file mode 100644 index dbbbcea..0000000 --- a/Documentation/dt-object-internal.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,310 +0,0 @@ -Device Tree Dynamic Object format internals -------------------------------------------- - -The Device Tree for most platforms is a static representation of -the hardware capabilities. This is insufficient for platforms -that need to dynamically insert Device Tree fragments into the -live tree. - -This document explains the Device Tree object format and -modifications made to the Device Tree compiler, which make it possible. - -1. Simplified Problem Definition --------------------------------- - -Assume we have a platform which boots using following simplified Device Tree. - ----- foo.dts ----------------------------------------------------------------- - /* FOO platform */ - / { - compatible = "corp,foo"; - - /* shared resources */ - res: res { - }; - - /* On chip peripherals */ - ocp: ocp { - /* peripherals that are always instantiated */ - peripheral1 { ... }; - }; - }; ----- foo.dts ----------------------------------------------------------------- - -We have a number of peripherals that after probing (using some undefined method) -should result in different Device Tree configuration. - -We cannot boot with this static tree because due to the configuration of the -foo platform there exist multiple conflicting peripherals DT fragments. - -So for the bar peripheral we would have this: - ----- foo+bar.dts ------------------------------------------------------------- - /* FOO platform + bar peripheral */ - / { - compatible = "corp,foo"; - - /* shared resources */ - res: res { - }; - - /* On chip peripherals */ - ocp: ocp { - /* peripherals that are always instantiated */ - peripheral1 { ... }; - - /* bar peripheral */ - bar { - compatible = "corp,bar"; - ... /* various properties and child nodes */ - }; - }; - }; ----- foo+bar.dts ------------------------------------------------------------- - -While for the baz peripheral we would have this: - ----- foo+baz.dts ------------------------------------------------------------- - /* FOO platform + baz peripheral */ - / { - compatible = "corp,foo"; - - /* shared resources */ - res: res { - /* baz resources */ - baz_res: res_baz { ... }; - }; - - /* On chip peripherals */ - ocp: ocp { - /* peripherals that are always instantiated */ - peripheral1 { ... }; - - /* baz peripheral */ - baz { - compatible = "corp,baz"; - /* reference to another point in the tree */ - ref-to-res = <&baz_res>; - ... /* various properties and child nodes */ - }; - }; - }; ----- foo+baz.dts ------------------------------------------------------------- - -We note that the baz case is more complicated, since the baz peripheral needs to -reference another node in the DT tree. - -2. Device Tree Object Format Requirements ------------------------------------------ - -Since the Device Tree is used for booting a number of very different hardware -platforms it is imperative that we tread very carefully. - -2.a) No changes to the Device Tree binary format for the base tree. We cannot -modify the tree format at all and all the information we require should be -encoded using Device Tree itself. We can add nodes that can be safely ignored -by both bootloaders and the kernel. The plugin dtbs are optionally tagged -with a different magic number in the header but otherwise they're simple -blobs. - -2.b) Changes to the DTS source format should be absolutely minimal, and should -only be needed for the DT fragment definitions, and not the base boot DT. - -2.c) An explicit option should be used to instruct DTC to generate the required -information needed for object resolution. Platforms that don't use the -dynamic object format can safely ignore it. - -2.d) Finally, DT syntax changes should be kept to a minimum. It should be -possible to express everything using the existing DT syntax. - -3. Implementation ------------------ - -The basic unit of addressing in Device Tree is the phandle. Turns out it's -relatively simple to extend the way phandles are generated and referenced -so that it's possible to dynamically convert symbolic references (labels) -to phandle values. This is a valid assumption as long as the author uses -reference syntax and does not assign phandle values manually (which might -be a problem with decompiled source files). - -We can roughly divide the operation into two steps. - -3.a) Compilation of the base board DTS file using the '-@' option -generates a valid DT blob with an added __symbols__ node at the root node, -containing a list of all nodes that are marked with a label. - -Using the foo.dts file above the following node will be generated; - -$ dtc -@ -O dtb -o foo.dtb -b 0 foo.dts -$ fdtdump foo.dtb -... -/ { - ... - res { - ... - phandle = <0x00000001>; - ... - }; - ocp { - ... - phandle = <0x00000002>; - ... - }; - __symbols__ { - res="/res"; - ocp="/ocp"; - }; -}; - -Notice that all the nodes that had a label have been recorded, and that -phandles have been generated for them. - -This blob can be used to boot the board normally, the __symbols__ node will -be safely ignored both by the bootloader and the kernel (the only loss will -be a few bytes of memory and disk space). - -We generate a __symbols__ node to record nodes that had labels in the base -tree (or subsequent loaded overlays) so that they can be matched up with -references made to them in Device Tree objects. - -3.b) The Device Tree fragments must be compiled with the same option but they -must also have a tag (/plugin/) that allows undefined references to nodes -that are not present at compilation time to be recorded so that the runtime -loader can fix them. - -So the bar peripheral's DTS format would be of the form: - -/dts-v1/; -/plugin/; /* allow undefined references and record them */ -/ { - .... /* various properties for loader use; i.e. part id etc. */ - fragment@0 { - target = <&ocp>; - __overlay__ { - /* bar peripheral */ - bar { - compatible = "corp,bar"; - ... /* various properties and child nodes */ - } - }; - }; -}; - -Note that there's a target property that specifies the location where the -contents of the overlay node will be placed, and it references the node -in the foo.dts file. - -$ dtc -@ -O dtb -o bar.dtbo -b 0 bar.dts -$ fdtdump bar.dtbo -... -/ { - ... /* properties */ - fragment@0 { - target = <0xffffffff>; - __overlay__ { - bar { - compatible = "corp,bar"; - ... /* various properties and child nodes */ - } - }; - }; - __fixups__ { - ocp = "/fragment@0:target:0"; - }; -}; - -No __symbols__ node has been generated (no label in bar.dts). -Note that the target's ocp label is undefined, so the phandle -value is filled with the illegal value '0xffffffff', while a __fixups__ -node has been generated, which marks the location in the tree where -the label lookup should store the runtime phandle value of the ocp node. - -The format of the __fixups__ node entry is - -